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Atherosclerosis: Difference between revisions
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Endothelial cells can display different reactions according to various levels of physical stress. There are two atheroprotective endothelial functions from physical stress. When endothelial cells are exposed to laminar flow, which contains minimal physical stress, they secrete NO. NO functions as an anti-atherosclerotic substance through vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation and anti-inflammatory effects. The second function is executed, when exposed to laminar flow by an expression of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase by the endothelium. This enzyme performs anti-atherosclerotic role by acting against reactive oxygen species, which are produced by chemical irritants or transient ischemia in the vessel.<br /> | Endothelial cells can display different reactions according to various levels of physical stress. There are two atheroprotective endothelial functions from physical stress. When endothelial cells are exposed to laminar flow, which contains minimal physical stress, they secrete NO. NO functions as an anti-atherosclerotic substance through vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation and anti-inflammatory effects. The second function is executed, when exposed to laminar flow by an expression of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase by the endothelium. This enzyme performs anti-atherosclerotic role by acting against reactive oxygen species, which are produced by chemical irritants or transient ischemia in the vessel.<br /> | ||
[[File:Figure_8_-_Endothelial_dysfunction_-_Leukocyte_adhesion_and_migration_into_the_deep_layer_of_the_intima.png|thumb|right|Figure 8. Endothelial dysfunction: Leukocyte adhesion and migration into the deep layer of the intima.]] | |||
Unfortunately, these two atheroprotective endothelial functions can be impaired by several factors. The first factor is disturbed flow (low shear stress with rapid fluctuation), which is typically located at arterial branch points and bifurcations and can impair the protective functions. This is well illustrated by the difference in prevalence of atherosclerosis between branched arteries and bifurcated vessels. Bifurcation areas such as the common carotid and left coronary arteries are relatively more common deposition sites for atherosclerosis than arteries with few branches such as the internal mammary artery. Thus, many observations show that the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions is common in large vessels and they vary in location and frequency among different vascular beds. These findings encourage a belief that hemodynamic factors play an important role in atherogenesis. Furthermore, the fact that hypertension intensifies the severity of atherosclerotic lesions additionally supports this belief.<br /> | |||
Another major factor that can impair the atheroprotective endothelial function is chemical irritants such as cigarette smoking, abnormally high circulating lipid levels and high sugar levels (diabetes mellitus). They can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and are all well- known risk factors for atherosclerosis. Exposure to chemical irritants promotes endothelial dysfunction by increasing endothelial production of reactive oxygen species, which alter the metabolic and synthetic functions of endothelial cells. As a result, the endothelium is inclined to exhibit proinflammatory processes, such as secreting inflammatory cytokines.<br /> | Another major factor that can impair the atheroprotective endothelial function is chemical irritants such as cigarette smoking, abnormally high circulating lipid levels and high sugar levels (diabetes mellitus). They can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and are all well- known risk factors for atherosclerosis. Exposure to chemical irritants promotes endothelial dysfunction by increasing endothelial production of reactive oxygen species, which alter the metabolic and synthetic functions of endothelial cells. As a result, the endothelium is inclined to exhibit proinflammatory processes, such as secreting inflammatory cytokines.<br /> | ||