Diabetes: Difference between revisions

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|colspan="3" align="center"|'''Comparison of type 1 and 2 diabetes<cite>4</cite>'''
! colspan="3"|Comparison of type 1 and 2 diabetes<cite>4</cite>
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!Feature  
!Feature  
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|colspan="2" align="center"|'''The following is a comprehensive list of other causes of diabetes:<cite>16</cite>'''
! colspan="2"|The following is a comprehensive list of other causes of diabetes:<cite>16</cite>
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*'''Infections'''
*'''Infections'''
**Cytomegalovirus infection
**Cytomegalovirus infection
**Coxsackie B4 virus|Coxsackievirus B
**Coxsackie B4 virus


*'''Drugs'''
*'''Drugs'''
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The following table compares some common anti-diabetic agents, generalizing classes, although there may be substantial variation in individual drugs of each class. When the table makes a comparison such as "lower risk" or "more convenient" the comparison is with the other drugs on the table.
The following table compares some common anti-diabetic agents, generalizing classes, although there may be substantial variation in individual drugs of each class. When the table makes a comparison such as "lower risk" or "more convenient" the comparison is with the other drugs on the table.


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! colspan="4" style="background-color: #CCEEEE;" | Comparison of anti-diabetic medication<cite>62</cite><cite>63</cite>
! colspan="4"|Comparison of anti-diabetic medication<cite>62</cite><cite>63</cite>
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! agent<cite>63</cite>
!Agent<cite>63</cite>
! mechanism<cite>64</cite>
!Mechanism<cite>64</cite>
! advantages<cite>63</cite>
!Advantages<cite>63</cite>
! disadvantages<cite>63</cite>
!Disadvantages<cite>63</cite>
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| Sulfonylurea(glyburide, glimepiride, glipizide)
|Sulfonylurea (glyburide, glimepiride, glipizide)
| Stimulating insulin release by pancreatic beta cells by inhibiting the K<sub>ATP</sub> channel  
|Stimulating insulin release by pancreatic beta cells by inhibiting the K<sub>ATP</sub> channel  
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*Fast onset of action
*Fast onset of action
*No effect on blood pressure
*No effect on blood pressure
*No effect on low-density lipoprotein
*No effect on low-density lipoprotein
*inexpensive
*Inexpensive
*lower risk of Human gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal problems than with metformin
*lower risk of Human gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal problems than with metformin
*more convenient dosing
*More convenient dosing
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*causes an average of 5-10 pounds weight gain
*Causes an average of 5-10 pounds weight gain
*Increased risk of hypoglycemia
*Increased risk of hypoglycemia
*Glyburide has increases risk of hypoglycemia slightly more as compared with glimepiride and glipizide
*Glyburide has increases risk of hypoglycemia slightly more as compared with glimepiride and glipizide
*Higher risk of death compared with metformin<cite>64</cite>
*Higher risk of death compared with metformin<cite>64</cite>
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| Metformin
|Metformin
| Acts on liver to cause decrease in insulin resistance
|Acts on liver to cause decrease in insulin resistance
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*not associated with weight gain
*Not associated with weight gain
*low risk of hypoglycemia as compared to alternatives
*Low risk of hypoglycemia as compared to alternatives
*Good effect on LDL cholesterol
*Good effect on LDL cholesterol
*Decreases triglycerides
*Decreases triglycerides
*no effect on blood pressure
*No effect on blood pressure
*inexpensive
*Inexpensive
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*increased risk of Human gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal problems
*Increased risk of Human gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal problems
*Contraindicated for people with moderate or severe kidney disease or heart failure because of risk of lactic acidosis
*Contraindicated for people with moderate or severe kidney disease or heart failure because of risk of lactic acidosis
*increased risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency<cite>63</cite>
*Increased risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency<cite>63</cite>
*less convenient dosing
*Less convenient dosing
*Metallic taste<cite>63</cite>
*Metallic taste<cite>63</cite>
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| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (acarbose, miglitol)
|Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (acarbose, miglitol)
| Reduces glucose absorbance by acting on small intestine to cause decrease in production of enzymes needed to digest carbohydrates
|Reduces glucose absorbance by acting on small intestine to cause decrease in production of enzymes needed to digest carbohydrates
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*slightly decreased risk of hypoglycemia as compared to sulfonylurea
*Slightly decreased risk of hypoglycemia as compared to sulfonylurea
*not associated with weight gain
*Not associated with weight gain
*decreases triglycerides
*Decreases triglycerides
*no effect on cholesterol
*No effect on cholesterol
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*less effective than most other diabetes pills in decreasing glycated hemoglobin
*Less effective than most other diabetes pills in decreasing glycated hemoglobin
*increased risk of GI problems than other diabetes pills except metformin
*Increased risk of GI problems than other diabetes pills except metformin
*inconvenient dosing
*Inconvenient dosing
*expensive
*Expensive
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| thiazolidinediones (Actos, Avandia)
|Thiazolidinediones (Actos, Avandia)
| Reduce insulin resistance by activating (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) PPAR-γ in fat and muscle
|Reduce insulin resistance by activating (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) PPAR-γ in fat and muscle
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*Lower risk of hypoglycemia
*Lower risk of hypoglycemia
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*Convenient dosing
*Convenient dosing
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*increased risk of heart failure
*Increased risk of heart failure
*causes an average of 5-10 pounds weight gain
*Causes an average of 5-10 pounds weight gain
*associated with higher risk of edema
*Associated with higher risk of edema
*lassociated with higher risk of anemia
*Associated with higher risk of anemia
*increases low-density lipoprotein
*Increases low-density lipoprotein
*Avandia linked to increased triglycerides and risk of heart attack
*Avandia linked to increased triglycerides and risk of heart attack
*Actos linked to increased risk of bladder cancer
*Actos linked to increased risk of bladder cancer
*slower onset of action
*Slower onset of action
*requires monitoring for hepatoxicity
*Requires monitoring for hepatoxicity
*associated with increased risk of limb fractures
*Associated with increased risk of limb fractures
*expensive
*Expensive
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