585
edits
Tachycardia: Difference between revisions
→AV Nodal Re-entry Tachycardia (AVNRT)
| Line 106: | Line 106: | ||
An AV junctional tachycardia is a tachycardia resulting from regular frequent firing (110-250 bpm) of the AV-node. It has the characteristics of a small QRS with a retrograde or no P-wave. The P-wave is not always visible because it can be hidden in the QRS complex. If it is visible it is negative in the inferior leads and narrow, suggesting an AV-nodal origin. The small QRS is not preceded by a p-wave as atrium and ventricle are both activated from the AV-node. For management of this arrhythmia variable success is achieved with anti-arrhythmic drugs. | An AV junctional tachycardia is a tachycardia resulting from regular frequent firing (110-250 bpm) of the AV-node. It has the characteristics of a small QRS with a retrograde or no P-wave. The P-wave is not always visible because it can be hidden in the QRS complex. If it is visible it is negative in the inferior leads and narrow, suggesting an AV-nodal origin. The small QRS is not preceded by a p-wave as atrium and ventricle are both activated from the AV-node. For management of this arrhythmia variable success is achieved with anti-arrhythmic drugs. | ||
=== | ===Atrioventricular Nodal Reciprocating Tachycardia (AVNRT)=== | ||
[[file:AVNRT.png|thumb|400px|'''Figure 3.''' The mechanism of AV-nodal re-entry.]] | [[file:AVNRT.png|thumb|400px|'''Figure 3.''' The mechanism of AV-nodal re-entry.]] | ||
====Pathophysiology:==== | ====Pathophysiology:==== | ||
AVNRT is a regular arrhythmia relying | AVNRT is a regular arrhythmia relying on the dual AV-physiology for its maintenance. The AV-node usually has two pathways in these patients; a fast pathway with fast conduction times and a slow pathway which conducts slowly. The fast pathway has a longer refractory period than the slow pathway. Due to these characteristics re-entry formation is possible. Normally the impulse from the atria is conducted through the fast pathway to the ventricle. The impulse also travels through the slow pathway, but reaches tissue still in the refractory period at the end of the AV-node (as the fast pathway has already conducted the impulse and activated this part of the AV-node). When an extra premature atrial contraction occurs it encounters a refractory fast-pathway (which has a longer refractory period). It enters the slow pathway and when it reaches the end of this pathway it can conduct to the (now restored) end of the AV-node to the ventricles and back into the fast pathway. The result is a ventricular activation with a retrograde P-wave. If the slow pathway is restored when the impulse reaches the beginning (atrial side) of the fast pathway, the impulse can re-enter the slow-pathway and a re-entry mechanism is established. This is the mechanism of a typical AVNRT, which is found in 90% of the patient with an AVNRT. Two other forms of AVNRT exist that take a different route through the AV-node. Firstly there is an atypical AVNRT in which the impulse travels through the fast pathway and returns through the slow pathway. The result of this AVNRT is a retrograde P-wave which appears far from the QRS complex. Finally there is a rare AVNRT which in patients with two slow pathways. The impulse enters en re-enters through a slow pathway. | ||
====Clinical diagnosis:==== | ====Clinical diagnosis:==== | ||
It is a fast regular small complex tachycardia with a frequency of 180-250 bpm. It is more common in women than in men (3:1) and has a sudden onset. Palpitation are experienced due to the fast regular heartbeat. The Frog sign can be observed; neck vein pulsations which occur due to simultaneous contraction of the atria and ventricles. The atria cannot empty into the ventricles and therefore expulse their contents into the venous circulation. A typical AVNRT can be diagnosed on the ECG by a RP distance of 100ms. The P wave is sometimes hidden in the QRS complex or appears directly after the QRS complex. An atypical AVNRT has a retrograde P appearing far away from the QRS, as it has to travel through the slow pathway. A registration of the onset can often be quite helpful in establishing the diagnosis AVNRT. | It is a fast regular small complex tachycardia with a frequency of 180-250 bpm. It is more common in women than in men (3:1) and has a sudden onset. Palpitation are experienced due to the fast regular heartbeat. The Frog sign can be observed; neck vein pulsations which occur due to simultaneous contraction of the atria and ventricles. The atria cannot empty into the ventricles and therefore expulse their contents into the venous circulation. A typical AVNRT can be diagnosed on the ECG by a RP distance of 100ms. The P wave is sometimes hidden in the QRS complex or appears directly after the QRS complex. An atypical AVNRT has a retrograde P appearing far away from the QRS, as it has to travel through the slow pathway. A registration of the onset can often be quite helpful in establishing the diagnosis AVNRT. | ||
====Management:==== | ====Management:==== | ||
Termination of acute episodes is possible by vagal | Termination of acute episodes is possible by vagal maneuvers (blowing on the wrist, carotid sinus massage) or medication (adenosine, verapamil, diltiazem). If vagal maneuvers or medication fail ECV can be performed. Catheter ablation can be the treatment of first choice in AVNRT. Electrophysiological studies can demonstrate dual AV-node physiology and evoke the arrhythmia in these patients. Selective ablation of the slow pathway has a high success rate (up to 98%) and the risk of inducing AV-block is low (<0,5%). Long term medical therapy can be initiated in patients not suitable for catheter ablation, or who do not desire a catheter ablation. Calcium channel blocker, beta-blockers and digoxin are used as first option or in a pill in the pocket approach. Other options are class IC or class III anti-arrhythmic drugs. | ||
===AV Re-entry Tachycardia (AVRT)=== | ===AV Re-entry Tachycardia (AVRT)=== | ||