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Diabetes: Difference between revisions
→Treatments and outcomes
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| | |Beta blockers (metoprolol, bisoprolol, and carvedilol) are recommended as first-line therapy in diabetic patients with heart failure | ||
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According to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Guidelines,<cite>31</cite> there are very few clinical trials on heart failure treatment specifically for diabetic patients. Information on treatment efficacy of various drugs is therefore based on diabetic subgroups included in various heart failure trials. A disadvantage of this is that the subgroups are not always well defined as regards the diabetic state and treatment. Most data favor a proportionately similar efficacy in patients with and without diabetes. Traditional treatment of heart failure in diabetic patients is based on diuretics, ACE-inhibitors, and Beta-blockades, as outlined in other guidelines.<cite>44</cite> Moreover, it is assumed that meticulous metabolic control should be beneficial in heart failure patients with diabetes. | According to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Guidelines,<cite>31</cite> there are very few clinical trials on heart failure treatment specifically for diabetic patients. Information on treatment efficacy of various drugs is therefore based on diabetic subgroups included in various heart failure trials. A disadvantage of this is that the subgroups are not always well defined as regards the diabetic state and treatment. Most data favor a proportionately similar efficacy in patients with and without diabetes. Traditional treatment of heart failure in diabetic patients is based on diuretics, ACE-inhibitors, and Beta-blockades, as outlined in other guidelines.<cite>44</cite> Moreover, it is assumed that meticulous metabolic control should be beneficial in heart failure patients with diabetes. | ||
Diuretics are mandatory for relief of symptoms that are due to fluid overload. These drugs should, however, not be used in excess since they induce neuro-hormonal activation.<cite>44</cite> ACE-inhibitors are beneficial in moderate-to-severe heart failure with and without diabetes, they inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, thereby decreasing the tension of blood vessels and blood volume, thus lowering blood pressure. Frequently prescribed ACE inhibitors include perindopril, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and ramipril. Hypoglycaemia has been reported following the institution of ACE-inhibitors in patients with diabetes on glucose-lowering treatment.<cite>45</cite> It is therefore recommended to monitor blood glucose carefully in the early phase of the institution of an ACE-inhibitor in such patients. Beta-blockade decreases myocardial free fatty acid exposure, thereby changing that metabolic pathway in type 2 diabetes.<cite>46</cite> The addition of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, to optimal medical therapy reduces morbidity and mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.<cite>47</cite> | Diuretics are mandatory for relief of symptoms that are due to fluid overload. These drugs should, however, not be used in excess since they induce neuro-hormonal activation.<cite>44</cite> ACE-inhibitors are beneficial in moderate-to-severe heart failure with and without diabetes, they inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, thereby decreasing the tension of blood vessels and blood volume, thus lowering blood pressure. Frequently prescribed ACE inhibitors include perindopril, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and ramipril. Hypoglycaemia has been reported following the institution of ACE-inhibitors in patients with diabetes on glucose-lowering treatment.<cite>45</cite> It is therefore recommended to monitor blood glucose carefully in the early phase of the institution of an ACE-inhibitor in such patients. Beta-blockade decreases myocardial free fatty acid exposure, thereby changing that metabolic pathway in type 2 diabetes.<cite>46</cite> The addition of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, to optimal medical therapy reduces morbidity and mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.<cite>47</cite> | ||
==Atrial fibrillation and diabetes== | ==Atrial fibrillation and diabetes== | ||